Unit 6: Thermochemistry
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Heat - Mass - Heatreq
*Hreq represents Hvap or Hfus
Mass from Heat Requirement and ΔHeat
| Hreq (J/g) | Heat (J) |
|---|---|
- Heat / Hreq = Mass g
Hreq from ΔHeat and Mass
| Mass (g) | ΔHeat (J) |
|---|---|
- ΔHeat / Mass (g) = Hreq (J/g)
ΔHeat from Hreq and Mass
| Mass (g) | Hreq |
|---|---|
- Hreq (J/g) * Mass (g) = ΔHeat
q = mcΔT
| ΔHeat (J) | Mass (g) | Specific Heat Capacity (J/g°C) | Change in temp (Final Temp (°C) - Initial Temp (°C)) |
|---|---|---|---|
- ΔHeat (J) = Mass (g) * Heat Capacity (J/g°C) * Change in temp(Final Temp (°C) - Initial Temp (°C))
Thermodynamic Data
| Substance and State | ΔHfo | ΔGfo | ΔSo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aluminum | |||
| Al(s) | 0 | 0 | 28 |
| Al2O3(s) | –1676 | –1582 | 51 |
| Al(OH)3(s) | 1277 | ||
| AlCl3(s) | –704 | –629 | 111 |
| Barium | |||
| Ba(s) | 0 | 0 | 67 |
| BaCO3(s) | –1219 | –1139 | 112 |
| BaO(s) | –582 | –552 | 70 |
| Ba(OH)2(s) | –946 | ||
| BaSO4(s) | –1465 | –1353 | 132 |
| Beryllium | |||
| Be(s) | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| BeO(s) | –599 | –569 | 14 |
| Be(OH)2(s) | –904 | –815 | 47 |
| Bromine | |||
| Br2(l) | 0 | 0 | 152 |
| Br2(g) | 31 | 3 | 245 |
| Br2(aq) | –3 | 4 | 130 |
| Br–(aq) | –121 | –104 | 82 |
| HBr(g) | –36 | –53 | 199 |
| Cadmium | |||
| Cd(s) | 0 | 0 | 52 |
| CdO(s) | –258 | –228 | 55 |
| Cd(OH)2(s) | –561 | –474 | 96 |
| CdS(s) | –162 | –156 | 65 |
| CdSO4(s) | –935 | –823 | 123 |
| Calcium | |||
| Ca(s) | 0 | 0 | 41 |
| CaC2(s) | –63 | –68 | 70 |
| CaCO3(s) | –1207 | –1129 | 93 |
| CaO(s) | –635 | –604 | 40 |
| Ca(OH)2(s) | –987 | –899 | 83 |
| Ca3(PO4)2(s) | –4126 | –3890 | 241 |
| CaSO4(s) | –1433 | –1320 | 107 |
| CaSiO3(s) | –1630 | –1550 | 84 |
| Carbon | |||
| C(s)(graphite) | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| C(s)(diamond) | 2 | 3 | 2 |
| CO(g) | –110.5 | –137 | 198 |
| CO2(g) | –393.5 | –394 | 214 |
| CH4(g) | –75 | –51 | 186 |
| CH3OH(g) | –201 | –163 | 240 |
| CH3OH(l) | –239 | –166 | 127 |
| H2CO(g) | –116 | –110 | 219 |
| HCOOH(g) | –363 | –351 | 249 |
| HCN(g) | 135.1 | 125 | 202 |
| C2H2(g) | 227 | 209 | 201 |
| C2H4(g) | 52 | 68 | 219 |
| CH3CHO (g) | –166 | –129 | 250 |
| C2H5OH (l) | –278 | –175 | 161 |
| C2H6(g) | –84.7 | –32.9 | 229.5 |
| C3H6(g) | 20.9 | 62.7 | 266.9 |
| C3H8(g) | –104 | 24 | 270 |
| C2H4O (g) ethylene oxide | –53 | –13 | 242 |
| CH3COOH(l) | –484 | –389 | 160 |
| C6H12O6(s) | –1275 | –911 | 212 |
| CCl4(l) | –135 | –65 | 216 |
| Chlorine | |||
| Cl2(g) | 0 | 0 | 223 |
| Cl2(aq) | –23 | 7 | 121 |
| Cl–(aq) | –167 | –131 | 57 |
| HCl(g) | –92 | –95 | 187 |
| Chromium | |||
| Cr(s) | 0 | 0 | 24 |
| Cr2O3(s) | –1128 | –1047 | 81 |
| CrO3(s) | –579 | –502 | 72 |
| Copper | |||
| Cu(s) | 0 | 0 | 33 |
| CuCO3(s) | –595 | –518 | 88 |
| Cu2O(s) | –170 | –148 | 93 |
| CuO(s) | –156 | –128 | 43 |
| Cu(OH)2(s) | –450 | –372 | 108 |
| CuS(s) | –49 | –49 | 67 |
| Fluorine | |||
| F2(g) | 0 | 0 | 203 |
| F–(aq) | –333 | –279 | –57 |
| HF(aq) | –271 | –273 | 174 |
| Hydrogen | |||
| H2(g) | 0 | 0 | 131 |
| H(g) | 217 | 203 | 115 |
| H+(aq) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| OH–(aq) | –230 | –157 | –11 |
| H2O(l) | –286 | –237 | 70 |
| H2O(g) | –242 | –229 | 189 |
| Iodine | |||
| I2(s) | 0 | 0 | 116 |
| I2(g) | 62 | 19 | 261 |
| I2(aq) | 23 | 16 | 137 |
| I–(aq) | –55 | –52 | 106 |
| Iron | |||
| Fe(s) | 0 | 0 | 27 |
| Fe3C(s) | 21 | 15 | 108 |
| FeO(s) | –272 | –255 | 61 |
| Fe3O4(s) magnetite | –1117 | –1013 | 146 |
| Fe2O3(s) hematite | –826 | –740 | 90 |
| FeS(s) | –95 | –97 | 67 |
| FeS2(s) | –178 | –166 | 53 |
| FeSO4(s) | –929 | –825 | 121 |
| Lead | |||
| Pb(s) | 0 | 0 | 65 |
| PbO2(s) | –277 | –217 | 69 |
| PbS(s) | –100 | –99 | 91 |
| PbSO4(s) | –920 | –813 | 149 |
| Magnesium | |||
| Mg(s) | 0 | 0 | 33 |
| MgCO3(s) | –1113 | –1029 | 66 |
| MgO(s) | –602 | –569 | 27 |
| Mg(OH)2(s) | –925 | –834 | 64 |
| Manganese | |||
| Mn(s) | 0 | 0 | 32 |
| MnO(s) | –385 | –363 | 60 |
| Mn3O4(s) | –1387 | –1280 | 149 |
| Mn2O3(s) | –971 | –893 | 110 |
| MnO2(s) | –521 | –466 | 53 |
| MnO4–(aq) | –543 | –449 | 190 |
| Mercury | |||
| Hg(l) | 0 | 0 | 76 |
| Hg2Cl2(s) | –265 | –211 | 196 |
| HgCl2(s) | –230 | –184 | 144 |
| HgO(s) | –90 | –59 | 70 |
| HgS(s) | –58 | –49 | 78 |
| Nickel | |||
| Ni(s) | 0 | 0 | 30 |
| NiCl2(s) | –316 | –272 | 60 |
| NiO(s) | –241 | –213 | 38 |
| Ni(OH)2(s) | –538 | –453 | 79 |
| NiS(s) | –93 | –90 | 53 |
| Nitrogen | |||
| N2(g) | 0 | 0 | 192 |
| NH3(g) | –46 | –17 | 193 |
| NH3(aq) | –80 | –27 | 111 |
| NH4+(aq) | –132 | –79 | 113 |
| NO(g) | 90 | 87 | 211 |
| NO2(g) | 34 | 52 | 240 |
| N2O(g) | 82 | 104 | 220 |
| N2O4(g) | 10 | 98 | 304 |
| N2O4(l) | –20 | 97 | 209 |
| N2O5(s) | –42 | 134 | 178 |
| N2H4(l) | 51 | 149 | 121 |
| N2H3CH3(l) | 54 | 180 | 166 |
| HNO3(aq) | –207 | –111 | 146 |
| HNO3(l) | –174 | –81 | 156 |
| NH4ClO4(s) | –295 | –89 | 186 |
| NH4Cl(s) | –314 | –203 | 96 |
| Oxygen | |||
| O2(g) | 0 | 0 | 205 |
| O(g) | 249 | 232 | 161 |
| O3(g) | 143 | 163 | 239 |
| Phosphorus | |||
| P(s)white | 0 | 0 | 41 |
| P(s) red | –18 | –12 | 23 |
| P(s) black | –39 | –33 | 23 |
| P4(g) | 59 | 24 | 280 |
| PF5(g) | –1578 | –1509 | 296 |
| PH3(g) | 5 | 13 | 210 |
| H3PO4(s) | –1279 | –1119 | 110 |
| H3PO4(l) | –1267 | –1124 | 151 |
| H3PO4(aq) | –1288 | –1143 | 158 |
| P4O10(s) | –2984 | –2698 | 229 |
| Potassium | |||
| K(s) | 0 | 0 | 64 |
| KCl(s) | –436 | –408 | 83 |
| KClO3(s) | –391 | –290 | 143 |
| KClO4(s) | –433 | –304 | 151 |
| K2O(s) | –361 | –322 | 92 |
| K2O2(s) | –496 | –430 | 113 |
| KO2(s) | –283 | –238 | 117 |
| KOH(s) | –425 | –379 | 79 |
| KOH(aq) | –481 | –440 | 9.2 |
| Silicon | |||
| SiO2(s)quartz | –911 | –856 | 42 |
| SiCl4(l) | –687 | –620 | 240 |
| Silver | |||
| Ag(s) | 0 | 0 | 43 |
| Ag+(aq) | 105 | 77 | 73 |
| AgBr(s) | –100 | –97 | 107 |
| AgCN(s) | 146 | 164 | 84 |
| AgCl(s) | –127 | –110 | 96 |
| Ag2CrO4(s) | –712 | –622 | 217 |
| AgI(s) | –62 | –66 | 115 |
| Ag2O(s) | –31 | –11 | 122 |
| Ag2S(s) | –32 | –40 | 146 |
| Sodium | |||
| Na(s) | 0 | 0 | 51 |
| Na+(aq) | –240 | –262 | 59 |
| NaBr(s) | –360 | –347 | 84 |
| Na2CO3(s) | –1131 | –1048 | 136 |
| NaHCO3(s) | –948 | –852 | 102 |
| NaCl(s) | –411 | –384 | 72 |
| NaH(s) | –56 | –33 | 40 |
| NaI(s) | –288 | –282 | 91 |
| NaNO2(s) | –359 | –285 | 104 |
| NaNO3(s) | –467 | –366 | 116 |
| Na2O(s) | –416 | –377 | 73 |
| Na2O2(s) | –515 | –451 | 95 |
| NaOH(s) | –427 | –381 | 64 |
| NaOH(aq) | –470 | –419 | 50 |
| Sulphur | |||
| S(s)rhombic | 0 | 0 | 32 |
| S(s) monoclinic | 0.3 | 0.1 | 33 |
| S2–(aq) | 33 | 86 | –15 |
| S8(g) | 102 | 50 | 431 |
| SF6(g) | –1209 | –1105 | 292 |
| H2S(g) | –21 | –34 | 206 |
| SO2(g) | –297 | –300 | 248 |
| SO3(g) | –396 | –371 | 257 |
| SO42–(aq) | –909 | –745 | 20 |
| H2SO4(l) | –814 | –690 | 157 |
| H2SO4(aq) | –909 | –745 | 20 |
| Tin | |||
| Sn(s) | 0 | 0 | 52 |
| SnO(s) | –285 | –257 | 56 |
| SnO2(s) | –581 | –520 | 52 |
| Sn(OH)2(s) | –561 | –492 | 155 |
| Titanium | |||
| TiCl4(s) | –763 | –727 | 355 |
| TiO2(s) | –945 | –890 | 50 |
| Uranium | |||
| U(s) | 0 | 0 | 50 |
| UF6(s) | –2137 | –2008 | 228 |
| UF6(g) | –2113 | –2029 | 380 |
| UO2(s) | –1084 | –1029 | 78 |
| U3O8(s) | –3575 | –3393 | 282 |
| UO3(s) | –1230 | –1150 | 99 |
| Xenon | |||
| Xe(g) | 0 | 0 | 170 |
| XeF2(g) | –108 | –48 | 254 |
| XeF4(g) | –251 | –121 | 146 |
| XeF6(g) | –294 | –412 | 403 |
| Zinc | |||
| Zn(s) | 0 | 0 | 42 |
| ZnO(s) | –348 | –318 | 44 |
| Zn(OH)2(s) | –642 | –554 | 81 |
| ZnS (s) | –206 | –201 | 58 |
| ZnSO4(s) | –983 | –874 | 120 |